Lameness is one of the most common reasons horses are presented for veterinary evaluation. Understanding the diagnostic process helps owners know what to expect and appreciate the complexity of identifying the source of pain.
What Is Lameness?
Lameness is an abnormality of gait caused by pain or mechanical dysfunction. It can range from a subtle decrease in performance to an obvious non-weight-bearing condition. Not all lameness is equally apparent — many performance-limiting issues involve low-grade lameness that requires careful evaluation to detect.
Common Causes
- Joint disease — osteoarthritis, synovitis, OCD lesions
- Soft tissue injuries — tendon and ligament strains or tears
- Hoof conditions — navicular syndrome, sole bruising, abscesses
- Fractures — stress fractures and chip fractures
- Back pain — thoracolumbar and sacroiliac dysfunction
The Diagnostic Process
History and Observation
The workup begins with a thorough history: when the lameness started, which leg is affected, any recent changes in work or footing, and previous treatments. The horse is observed at rest and in motion.
Dynamic Evaluation
The horse is evaluated at the walk and trot on hard and soft surfaces, in straight lines and on circles. Flexion tests apply temporary stress to specific joints to provoke or exaggerate lameness.
Diagnostic Anesthesia
Regional nerve blocks and joint blocks systematically isolate the source of pain. By temporarily eliminating sensation in specific areas, the veterinarian can localize where the lameness originates.
Imaging
Once the region is identified, diagnostic imaging (radiographs, ultrasound) provides a specific diagnosis. Advanced imaging like MRI or CT may be recommended for complex cases.
What Owners Can Do
Early recognition of lameness leads to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes. Watch for subtle changes: reluctance to work, decreased stride length, head bobbing, or behavioral changes under saddle. When in doubt, have your horse evaluated — early intervention often prevents more serious problems.